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光(guang)學(xue)零件(jian)加工(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)流程(cheng)隨加工(gong)(gong)方(fang)式不同而異。光(guang)學(xue)零件(jian)的(de)加工(gong)(gong)方(fang)式主要(yao)有兩(liang)類：傳統(tong)（古(gu)典）加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)和機械化加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)，中小批量(liang)主要(yao)以傳統(tong)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)為主。傳統(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)特點主要(yao)有：

1、使用散粒(li)磨(mo)(mo)料及(ji)通用機(ji)床，以輪廓(kuo)成形法(fa)對光(guang)學玻璃(li)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)研磨(mo)(mo)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)。操作(zuo)中以松(song)(song)香(xiang)柏油粘(zhan)結膠(jiao)為主(zhu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)粘(zhan)結上盤(pan)。先用金(jin)剛砂對零(ling)件進(jin)(jin)行(xing)粗磨(mo)(mo)與精磨(mo)(mo)，然后使用松(song)(song)香(xiang)柏油拋光(guang)模與拋光(guang)粉(fen)（主(zhu)要是(shi)氧化鈰）對零(ling)件進(jin)(jin)行(xing)拋光(guang)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)。影響工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)因素多而易變，加(jia)工(gong)(gong)精度可變性(xing)也(ye)大，通常是(shi)幾個波長數量(liang)級。高(gao)精度者(zhe)可達幾百(bai)分之一波長數量(liang)級。

2、手(shou)工(gong)操作量大(da)，工(gong)序(xu)多(duo)(duo)，操作人員技(ji)術要(yao)求(qiu)高。對機(ji)床精度(du)，工(gong)夾磨具(ju)要(yao)求(qiu)不那(nei)么苛刻，適于多(duo)(duo)品種，小批量、精度(du)變化大(da)的加工(gong)工(gong)藝采用。 

傳(chuan)統(tong)加工(gong)工(gong)藝過程(cheng)，以(yi)一(yi)個透鏡為例，先后依次(ci)經(jing)過以(yi)下一(yi)些工(gong)序：

（1）毛坯加工。包括按光學零件圖選擇合(he)適的塊(kuai)料(liao)，切割整平(ping)、劃分、膠條、滾圓開球(qiu)面(mian)。

 （2）粗(cu)磨加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)。使表面(mian)粗(cu)糙(cao)度(du)及球面(mian)半徑(jing)符合細磨要求。傳統工(gong)(gong)藝中粗(cu)磨是單(dan)件進行的。一般采(cai)用傳統工(gong)(gong)藝加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的工(gong)(gong)廠中，粗(cu)磨車間往往包括(kuo)毛坯加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)。

（3）上(shang)(shang)盤(pan)(pan)：粗磨之后，經(jing)清洗(xi)，將一(yi)個個透鏡毛坯按同半徑(jing)組合(he)成(cheng)盤(pan)(pan)。即(ji)依靠粘結膠把分散的透鏡固定在球形粘結膜上(shang)(shang)，應注意的是(shi)成(cheng)盤(pan)(pan)時要使(shi)每一(yi)個透鏡毛坯的被加(jia)工面都處于(yu)同一(yi)半徑(jing)的球面上(shang)(shang)。

（4）細(xi)磨(mo)(mo)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)工(gong)(gong)序。在加工(gong)(gong)**表面(mian)(mian)時(shi)，細(xi)磨(mo)(mo)到拋(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)過程中(zhong)一般是(shi)不需拆盤(pan)的，即(ji)一次一盤(pan)完(wan)成。操作中(zhong)，先使用粒度依(yi)次變細(xi)的三至(zhi)四道金鋼砂將(jiang)被加工(gong)(gong)面(mian)(mian)研磨(mo)(mo)到拋(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)要求的表面(mian)(mian)粗糙度，然后(hou)清(qing)洗，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)。拋(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)是(shi)用一定半徑的拋(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)模(mo)加拋(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)粉進(jin)(jin)行(xing)。一面(mian)(mian)加工(gong)(gong)完(wan)畢(bi)后(hou)，涂上保護膜(mo)，翻面(mian)(mian)再進(jin)(jin)行(xing)上盤(pan)。細(xi)磨(mo)(mo)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)加工(gong)(gong)第二表面(mian)(mian)。

（5）定(ding)心(xin)磨(mo)邊(bian)工(gong)序。透鏡(jing)加工(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)會出現光(guang)軸和定(ding)位軸偏(pian)離（稱為偏(pian)心(xin)）。定(ding)心(xin)磨(mo)邊(bian)的任務是消(xiao)除偏(pian)心(xin)，并使側圓(yuan)柱面徑(jing)向尺寸達到裝配要求。傳(chuan)統(tong)工(gong)藝的磨(mo)邊(bian)常在(zai)光(guang)學定(ding)心(xin)磨(mo)邊(bian)機上進行。

（6）鍍(du)膜(mo)工(gong)序，對表面(mian)有透光要(yao)求的透鏡(jing)，要(yao)加鍍(du)增透膜(mo)。球(qiu)面(mian)反射(she)鏡(jing)要(yao)鍍(du)反射(she)膜(mo)。有的還要(yao)鍍(du)其它性質的薄膜(mo)，依使用(yong)要(yao)求由設計決定。

（7）膠合(he)工序。對(dui)成象質量要求較高的鏡(jing)頭，往往采用幾(ji)塊(kuai)透(tou)鏡(jing)膠合(he)而成。膠合(he)應在鍍膜以后進(jin)行。